INTRODUCTION:

WATER:

Water is the valuable present of God in the world. life exists in the world due to the availability of water. Being tasteless, odorless, and colorless, it provides taste, colour, and quality odor to the life of dwelling beings in the world. it is determined everywhere and referred to as lifestyles. It takes nothing from us but gives existence to us. It has no form but takes the shape of a field we keep. we find it everywhere in rivers, seas, tanks, wells, ponds, etc., however we lack easy ingesting water. three-fourths of the earth is full of water; however, we want to preserve water as there may be an awful lot much less clean water. Water quality can be defined as the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water usually in respect to its suitability for a designated use.¹

Water is the primary requirement of our body and accordingly lifestyles. Water is also named ‘lifestyles’ due to being an essential detail for all residing beings. Noting can live on without water in the world. three-fourths of the earth is water; but, simplest 2% of the water is usable for us. In a few locations in India, humans face water scarcity and drought situations, whereas masses of water are available somewhere else. So, the human beings dwelling in regions with plenty of water need to recognize its importance and shop water. Different types of Heavy metals in water are chromium, lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, nickel, cadmium, thallium.

Toxic metals are usually present in industrial, municipal and urban runoff, which can be harmful to humans and bioticlife. Increased urbanization and industrialization are to be blamed for an increased level of trace metals, especiallyheavy metals, in our waterways.²

STUDY AREA - DESCRIPTION OF LAKES:

Lakes of H.P.:

Himachal Pradesh has 27 natural lakes with an area of 15 hectares and 5 artificial lakes with an area of 712 hectares. They are found at an altitude of 450 to 5093 meters. It is above sea level and covers the tropical, subtropical and mountainous regions of the state. One percent of Himachal Pradesh's mass is covered by lakes, rivers and glaciers, some of which are natural heritage dating back millions of years. or underground sources. Almost without exception, they are all respected or at least have beautiful legends while embracing the crystal-clear waters.

Another lake was closer and became a lake. Many are springs of water that begin as small streams and develop into large streams that support the state's fertile valleys and Voss's Indian Genetic Plains. A few of these are home to a variety of resident and migratory populations, as well as abundant water sources. These waters are also open to many activities and entertainment, such as boating, swimming, sailing, water skiing, canoeing, sailing, sailing and fishing.

Rewalsar Lake:

Asinge drop out of the unending sea of magnificent deeds of our moment buddha padmasambhava shown at rewalsar uncovered here. It was the begining of 8th century (advertisement) when Padmasambhava liberating given khandomas by his glorious lessons at dhanakosha lake in odiyana (swat) he was through dharamakaya eye that a thriving kingdom in western india (display mandi) can be given to the transcedental way of buddha. So, he come supernaturally to that kingdom particulary to visit rulers revoked girl mandhrava to lecture her professional- found lessons of buddhism. But trusting on a noise the ruler insensibly burnt him lively on his each spot of rewalsar.

To his awe the moment buddha changed over unstoppable fire to a clear and profound lake sitting him-self unaffected upon a lotus stalk in the midst of the lake.

The ruler astounded at his splended control who with has ministrs and individuals given to the glorious instructing of padmasambhava and mandharava who had been put into a profound trench wrapped in a bed of thistle was absolved to ponder. Genuinely it has been said that to a clear eye this lake and pay tribute to padmasambhava his life would be purposeul tending towards the realization of buddha hood.

Littlest reality may be a window through wich in finfite can be seen. I unequivocally ascert that who soever visit this lake and pay respect to padmasambhava his life would be purposeul tending towards the realization of buddha hood.

LIMIT TEST:

It is defined as quantitative and qualitative test design to identify and control small quantity of impurity which is likely to be present in the substance.

It is done to determine inorganic impurities in a compound.

Limit measurements for Cl, SO4-2-, Fe, Pb and heavy metals are made on Nessler cylinders (made of borosilicate glass, ie - colorless).

LIMIT TEST FOR CHLORIDES:

Requirements:

Chemicals: NaCl, Dilute HNO₃. 0.1M AgNO₃, Distilled water

Apparatus: Beaker, Volumetric flasks, Measuring cylinders. Nessler cylinder, Pipettes, Glass rod and weighing balance.

Procedure:

1. Preparation of 0.1M AgNO₃:

· Take 4.2g of AgNO₃ in beaker and makeup to 250 ml with distilled water.

· Molarity-Moles of solute/liters solution

· 0.1 x 169.87 x 250/1000 = 4.24g

2. Preparation of dilute HNO₃:

· Std. Solution of HNO₃’16M/16N

· Dilute HNO₃ 5M/5N in distilled water (as per required)

· Molarity = M₁V₁= M₂V₂

· 16M x V1= 5M x 100

· V₁5M x 100/16 = 31.25ml conc. HNO₃in 100ml distilled water.

3. Preparation of standard solution: Take 25ppm NaCl solution in 10ml distilled water. Transfer in Nessler cylinder. Now add 10ml dil. HNO₃ solution and makeup with distilled water upto50ml. Add 1ml 0.1M AgNO₃ solution. Stir with glass rod. Set aside for 5min. Compare the opalescence of sample with standard solution.

4. Preparation of test 1 solution: Take 10ml test sample in Nessler cylinder. Now add 10ml dil. HNO₃ solution. And make up to 50ml with distilled water. Now add 1ml 0.1M AgNO₃ solution into it. Stir with glass rod and set aside for 5 min. compare the opalescence of sample test with standard solution.

5. Preparation of test 2 solution: Take 1ml test sample and 9ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 10ml dil. HNO₃ solution and make up to 50ml with distilled water. Now add 1ml 0.1M AgNO₃ solution into it. Stir with glass rod and set aside for 5 min. compare the opalescence of sample test with standard solution.^14-19

Observation:

Chloride present in minute amount as compare to standard solution but within the limit.

LIMIT TEST FOR SULPHATES:

Requirements:

Chemicals: BaCl₂, Dilute HCl, K₂SO₄, Distilled water

Apparatus: Beaker, Volumetric flasks, Measuring cylinders. Nessler cylinder, Pipettes, Glass rod and Weighing balance.

Procedure: Preparation of 15% BaCl₂ Solution: Take 15g of BaCl₂ in 100ml volumetric flask and make up to 100ml with distilled water.

1. Preparation of dilute HCl: Take 10ml of conc. HCl in volumetric flask and make up to 100ml with distilled water (10%/10:1)

2. Preparation of 0.189%/0.2%w/v sulphate solution: Take 0.2g of potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄) in 100ml volumetric flask and dissolve in 100ml distilled water.

3. Preparation of standard sulphate standard solution: Take 1ml of 0.18%/0.2% w/vK₂SO₄ in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml of dilute HCl in it. Make up to the volume 45ml with distilled water. Now add 15% BaCl₂ solution and allow to stand for 5min. White turbid precipitates produced.

4. Preparation of standard sulphate test solution: Take 1ml of test sample in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml of dilute HCl in it. Make up to the volume 45ml with distilled water. Now add 15% BaCl₂ solution. Stir and allow to stand for 5min. White turbid precipitates produced.

5. Preparation of 5m acetic acid: Take 15.013ml of acetic acid in 50ml volumetric flask and make up to 50ml with distilled water.

6. Preparation of ethanolic sulphate 10ppm solution:

· Preparation of 0.189%/0.2%w/v sulphate solution: Take 0.2g of potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄) in 100ml volumetric flask and dissolve in 100ml distilled water.

· Preparation on 30% ethanole solution: Take 30ml ethanol in volumetric flask and make up to 100ml with distilled water.

· Preparation of ethanolic sulphate solution: Take 1ml of 0.18% w/v of prepared sulphate solution in volumetric flask and make up the volume up to 100ml with 30% ethanol solution.^14-19

· Observation: Sulphate absent in sample as compare to standard solution but within the limit.

LIMIT TEST FOR IRON:

Requirements:

Chemicals: Ferric ammonium sulphate, 20% wt/v iron free citric acid. Iron free ammonia. Thioglycolic acid, Distilled water.

Apparatus: Beaker, Volumetric flasks, Measuring cylinders. Nessler cylinder, Pipettes, Glass rod, Weighing balance.

Procedure:

· Preparation of 20%w/v iron free citric acid: Take 20g of citric acid in 100ml distilled water.

· Preparation of standard iron solution: Weigh accurately ferric ammonium sulphate (0.18g) and dissolve in 10ml solution of 0.1N H₂SO₄and add sufficient water to produce 1000ml. Each ml of this contains 0.02mg of Fe. Take two 50ml Nessler’s cylinders. Label one as Test and the other as Standard.

· Preparation of standard compound: Dilute 2ml standard iron solution and add 40ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml 20% w/v iron free citric acid. Now add 0.1ml thioglycolic acid. Stir with glass rod and add ammonia solution to make it alkaline. Now dilute up to 50ml with distilled water. Allow to stand for 5 minutes. Compare the purple color of test solution with standard solution.

· Preparation of test solution: Take 2ml of test sample and add 40ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml 20%w/v iron free citric acid. Now add 0.1ml thioglycolic acid. Stir with glass rod and add ammonia solution to make it alkaline. Now dilute up to 50ml with distilled water. Allow to stand for 5 minutes. Compare the purple color of test solution with standard solution.

· Preparation of standard solution: Take 2ml of 20ppm ferric ammonium sulphate solution and add 40ml distilled water in Nessler cylinder. Now add 2ml 20%w/v iron free citric acid. Now add 0.1ml thioglycolic acid. Stir with glass rod and add ammonia solution to make it alkaline. Now dilute up to 50ml with distilled water. Allow to stand for 5 minutes. Compare the purple color of test solution with standard solution.

Observation:

The amount of iron is absent in sample as compare to standard solution but within the limit.

RESULT:

This analysis involves the testing of the water sample of Rewalsar lake. To determine the water sample, various limit tests were performed that is limit test for sulphate, iron and chloride. On performing limit test of chloride, it wasperceived that amount of Chloride present in minute amount as compare to standard solution but within the limit. On performing limit test of iron, it was perceived that iron is absent in the sample as compare to standard solution but within the limit. On preforming limit test of sulphate, it was perceived that sulphate is absent in the sample as compare to standard solution but within the limit.

CONCLUSION:

It was observed that, subjective examination of Rewalsar lake water test could be a basic step in deciding the quality and security of the water for human utilize. In this inquire about of Rewalsar lake test, it has the least level of press, sulfate, and chloride, that produces it secure to drink. It is vital to keep in mind that water quality can modify over time as a result of an assortment of circumstances, counting defilement of the environment and common calamities. As a result, customary water source observing is required to ensure that the water is secure for utilization. By and large, the study's discoveries can be utilized to direct hones and arrangements focused on at keeping up get to.

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Received on 12.09.2023 Modified on 06.12.2023

Asian J. Pharm. Ana. 2024; 14(3):151-154.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5675.2024.00027